Controlling Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Controlling Freedom - Essay Example The propaganda model propsed by Chomsky argues that the maintenance of control over the media is a result of free market forces operating on a daily basis and does not necessarily require conscious planning. The framing of conditions and accidental necessity needed to do this can be compared to a that of a crystalline structure. By pouring a stream of balls over a flat box like frame we inevitably end up with a perfect pyramid structure. In the same way by pouring news, information and ideas into the basic framework of free market goals we end up with a self building pyramid where by supportive elements within the pyramid find themselves in stable positions and those unsupportive elements of the pyramid are simply forced out. The framing of these conditions which facilitate the building of these near perfect crystalline structures are called the five reality filters. The first filter is related to the size, ownership and expense of producing media. The second argues that the media ar e heavily dependent on advertising and sponsorship, thus content has to follow 'advertiser friendly lines' or risk loosing vital funding. Thirdly, resources are concentrated where significant news is likely to occur, while non routine sources of news often struggle to find access to the media. The fourth filter, called Flak, refers to the negative responses that are received by media due to a program or article. Just as supportive media is naturally assisted, unsupportive media is attacked and vilified. The last filter is called 'anti-communism' and refers to the need for a common enemy. Throughout history we see examples of the creation of new 'evil empires' ( communists , Islamic terrorists etc) which threaten the status quo, requiring the production of more arms and therefore increasing economic activity and generating important revenue. In testing the hypothesis there are numerous examples of media attention being directed to serve corporate interests and government agendas. Truth filtration also extends to media black holes, where unsuitable truths are simply not reported. A horrific example of this is East Timor, where Indonesian brutalities administered from weapons traded in multi million pound deals with the British, huge oil reserves and an amiable dictatorship ensured the smooth functioning of the filter system. The vast majority of the general public were unaware of the massive human rights abuses and atrocities taking place. Ignoring, silencing and not giving voices to those that contradict the 'line' is another filtration system which ensures the ongoing passivity of the general public. The Iraq war in 1993 saw the whipping up of an effective media campaign against Iraq and its evil dictator that had invaded Kuwait. The just and noble forces of freedom went into action backed by the media. Clark in his book The Fire This Time, US War Crimes in the Gulf demonstrates how the western version of media events was untrue and that the war was in fact set up, manipulated and brought about to remove obstructions to western economic interests. Other examples of the propaganda model in action can be seen with examples such as global warming. In 1990, despite government unanimity on its existence and the potentially

Bending Stresses in a T-Beam Experiment Essay Example for Free

Bending Stresses in a T-Beam Experiment Essay Realistic and verifiable experiment results †¢ Optional TecQuipment’s Structures Software package for extra ‘virtual’ experiments that simulate and confirm the results from your hardware and allow extended experiments †¢ Optional STR2000 unit including TecQuipment’s Structures Software package for automatic data acquisition and virtual experiments †¢ One of many interchangeable experiment modules from TecQuipment’s modern, flexible and costeffective Structures teaching system †¢ Ideal for classroom demonstrations, or students working in pairs or small groups. The experiment hardware is a T-beam that fits onto a Structures Test Frame (STR1, available separately). Students adjust a load cell that bends the beam and, when connected to the optional Digital Force Display (STR1a, available separately), it measures the bending force (load). Strain gauges and a digital strain bridge measure the strains in the beam. Dummy strain gauges compensate for temperature variation and balance the strain bridges. The equipment includes a lead for connection to the Digital Force Display (STR1a, available separately). The lecturer guide provides details of the equipment including sample experiment results. The student guide describes how to use the equipment and gives experiment procedures. For extra ‘virtual’ experiments, TecQuipment can supply the optional TecQuipment Structures Software (STRS), for use on a suitable computer. The virtual experiments simulate the tests that you do with the hardware. They also extend the choice of tests than that available using only the hardware, for example: higher loads, uniform loads or different test specimens. This extends the student’s learning experience. For automatic data acquisition of your experiment results, TecQuipment can supply the optional Automatic Data Acquisition Unit (STR2000). Supplied as standard with the STR2000 is TecQuipment’s Structures Software that displays and logs your experiment results and gives the extra virtual experiments. Bending Stress in a Beam Essential Ancillaries †¢ Structures Test Frame (STR1) †¢ Digital Force Display (STR1a) Recommended Ancillaries †¢ Structures Software (STRS) for virtual experiments or †¢ Automatic Data Acquisition Unit (STR2000) for automatic data acquisition and virtual experiments Operating Conditions Operating environment: Laboratory environment Storage temperature range: –25? C to +55? C (when packed for transport) Operating temperature range: +5? C to +40? C Operating relative humidity range: 80% at temperatures 31? C decreasing linearly to 50% at 40? C Specification Nett dimensions and weight: 880 x 210 x 100 mm, 6. 5 kg Packed dimensions and weight: Approximately 0. 75 m3, 8 kg Load.

The Strange Case by Robert Louis Stevenson Essay examples -- psycho, sc

The functioning of the average human mind has intrigued and plagued philosophers and thinkers over centuries, one of the most curious and fascinating studies have been made into personages with dual personalities, schizophrenia being one of the factors. Similarly, in the book, The Strange Case, as well as in the film, Psycho, the books are taken place in late Victorian London, but Psycho is in late 60’s in the USA. The respective authors in these two texts portray that duality of human nature exists in society and humanity through the use of characterization and setting. Stevenson in this story uses characterization to describe that duality of human nature exists in humanity and society: â€Å"There comes an end to all things; my evil finally destroyed the balance of my soul†¦all men's respect, wealth...murderer.†( Stevenson 51) Stevenson uses the malaise of Schizophrenia to characterize Dr.Jekyll and his dual personality Mr. Hyde. In the above quote Dr.Jekyll realizes that he has done in justice the whole time without realizing it. Mr. Hyde’s actions have been proven to be inhumane and he has been characterized a â€Å"human juggernaut†; Dr. Jekyll is not solely responsible for his actions because of his dual mindset that precludes an individual from a rational thought process. In the quote above Dr. Jekyll had everyone’s respect and love, and now society labels him as a murderer: â€Å"clubbed him to the earth†¦with ape-like fury†¦shattered†¦the body.†(Stevenson 9) Mr. Hyde is malevolent in nature, â€Å"alone in the ranks of mankind, was pure evil†(Stevenson 45) whereas, Dr.Jekyll is a calm character. He uses â€Å"ape-like fury†, from that he shows embodiment of a murderer. In Psycho, Norman Bates is a maniac with a dual personality. Although... ...to dark areas of the working unstable mind, and which generally are away from the norms of society and wants to experiment with other areas, this what leads to the motivation that could be the dual mindset. The exception could be for an individual who has complete control over his rationality, but is not the case in these given texts. People who have schizophrenia use violence as an essential element to soothe their mind. My reaction to both Psycho and The Strange Case has been one of horror, which I think is a normal reaction of an individual. I have experienced myself having a different personality, not necessarily a dual mindset, in and out of school. In school I tend to show less off my real emotions, than I do outside of school. Even though for me keeping up with societal norms is a ‘must do’ task, failing to keep with societies rules will fail me internally.

Henry VI and the Wars of the Roses Essay -- The Wars of the Roses Essa

From his fifteen year minority to the inept rule of the rest of his reign, Henry VI was a "child", at least as far as governing ability was concerned. The period of his minority and the time that he was the titular king laid the groundwork for the Wars of the Roses. Had Henry been an intelligent king, with at least some political acumen, and the ability to win the respect of his nobles, their may have never been any Wars of the Roses. But his weakness in allowing government by favorites and governing foolishly on his own, at the very least directed his country down the road to a bloody civil war. Henry VI was born on December 6, 1421, and became king of England on September 1, 1422. Problems began almost immediately, though these problems were not seen as such at the time. First, the power of the monarch, instead of being entrusted to one man, was given to a council of magnates. Though it is likely that Henry V included a clause in his will appointing his brother, the Duke of Gloucester, regent, nobles whose powers had been curtailed by Henry V seized the opportunity to regain their lost power. They claimed the precedent of Richard II's minority (Storey, 30) to support their actions. Though the council did rule fairly on the whole, it created a problem. Later in Henry VI's reign, factions ruled the government and the monarch suffered from a lack of cohesive central authority. Nobles who had taken power were reluctant to give it back, causing a spreading out of the king's pwer. Henry's powers as monarch were not kept whole and in trust for him (Storey, 30) so that even had he been a strong king, it would have been difficult for him to control the situations that were to occur. One immediate effect of the council system was to ke... ...families siding for and against the king. Had Henry understood politics, he would not have agreed to ceding Anjou and Maine. If he had known how to govern, he would not have revealed the weakness of his government by handing out pardons to every hard-luck story he heard. In short, had Henry VI even an inkling of how to rule, the Wars of the Roses would not have happened. Works Cited Gillingham, John The Wars of the Roses, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1981. Smith, Lacey Baldwin, This Realm of England, D.C.Heath & Company, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1992. Storey, R.I. The End of the House of Lancaster, Stein & Day Publishers, New York, 1967. Works Consulted Gormley, Larry. â€Å"Wars of the Roses: Battles of the Roses.† n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2010. Hicks, Michael. The War of the Roses 1455-1487. New York: Routledge, 2003. Print.

Increase and Decrease in Social Capital Essay

The definition of ‘social capital’ is easiest to define when looking at both words separately. Essentially, the ‘capital’ is the breadth, number and subsequent advantages of ‘social’ bonds. As sociologist John Fielding puts it, â€Å"Its central thesis can be summed up in two words: relationships matter.† (Field, J (2008). Social Capital. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. 1). These relationships may manifest themselves in numerous social contexts, such as in work, family, academic endeavors and so on. Regardless of context, the benefits that Fielding alludes to, and what really ‘matters’, are the accumulative efforts of social groups and the advantages they hold over individual labour. Social capital is especially applicable to our online social networks, and this essay will be analysing cases that support or reject the statement: ‘The internet has been linked both to increases and decreases in social capital’ (Elliso n & Steinfield, 2007). Despite existing since the 1960s, the level of integration within society that the Internet maintains now has only been achieved within the last decade. The flourish of social networking sites that make the Internet such a pivotal tool in our interactions with one another began around the turn of the millennia. Since the inception of sites like MySpace in 2003, the concept of a website where users may display their details and interact with one another has been capitalised on. These networks, often establishing themselves in the form of blogs paved the way to what are now fast becoming our online identities. The emergence of Facebook is exemplary of how online interaction has grown into a social institute. ‘Created in 2004, by 2007 Facebook was reported to have more than 21 million registered member generating 1.6 billion page views each day‘ (Needham & Company, 2007). It is clear from Facebook’s purpose that the avenues of social capital are fortified and strength ened by online social networks. The widespread use of Facebook has revolutionised many aspects of social interaction. Event organization for example, is now almost reliant on Facebook for it’s success. Facebook’s usage has reached such frequency from the population that it is now an eligible and required source of investigation for crime.  The positive effects from this are outlined in the statement ‘Social Capital has been linked to a variety of positive social outcomes, such as better public health, lower crime rates, and more efficient financial markets (Adler & Kwon, 2002). At its core, Facebook exists to support networks of friends (initially college students), and in this sense it promotes social capital by enabling distance-independent communication. Despite these obvious virtues of Facebook however, there is some opposition to the idea that it promotes social capital. Donath and Boyd (2004) argue that social network websites do not promote social capital and societal bonds. Instead, they merely sustain weak, superficial bonds due to the ease and facile nature of online interactions. Examples of this are ‘liking’ friend’s photos, liking status’ and playing games with other Facebook friends. Bargh and McKenna (2004) argues that ‘Internet use distracts from face-to-face time with others, which might diminish an individual’s social capital’. However, it appears this thesis received criticism from Wellman, Haase and Witte who believe that ‘online interactions may supplement or replace in-person interactions, mitigating any loss from the time spent online’. These statements pronounce information on the rocketing popularity of social networking and how it has become the first choice of communication. Another factor to consider is online shopping. EBay is an online auction website where users can bid on items that other users are selling, users can contact each other about the product they are bidding/buying, this is considered a weak connection. EBay has over 14 million active users has is increasingly growing, one would consider that this increases their social capital, an arguments to support this statement is that EBay is a professional business and has rules and regulations to follow if you are a user, these guidelines also state that you should ‘contact the intellectual property owner with any questions before listing’ which encourages and promotes contacting another seller before, during and after you have purchased their product. Harrison (1998) suggested that it is possible to build social capital in the short term and that this is also known as capacity building EBay stems relationships on the Internet by having your favoured users option, this helps you to revisit any company or professional individual you liked shopping with and gives you the opportunity to view other items they have for sale which would increase one’s individual social capital. However,  Kotha et. Al. (2004), denies this and leads on to say ‘customer and relationship services provide a competitive edge for ecommerce traders. These two communicational factors were found to be more beneficial in creating a long term competitive edge than web site usability and product selection, which may provide short term gain but will not create social capital with the user or give them an emotional connection with the brand or product’ (Kotha, S., Rajgopal, S., Venkatachalam, M., (2004) The role of online buying experience as a competitive advantage: evidence from Third Party ratings for ecommerce firms, The Journal of Business, 77) It has also become clear when researching Social Capital that people argue that you cannot measure the increase in Social Capital, it has been argued that ‘without measurement, change cannot be determined’ (Suna, B. (2011). Building Social Capital. http://www.socialcapitalresearch.com/building.html.). Also, according to Putnam (1993), ‘social capital is largely determined by historical factors; it can thus not be enhanced in the short term’. Putnam’s view is also fully supported by Schmidt (2000) and Uslaner and Dekker (2001). They considered social capital as a by-product of other social activities. This intends that websites such as EBay decrease social capital because there is only a short amount of contact with other people. To support this, EBay’s purpose is for buying, selling and bidding. Once a user has bought a product, the probability that they will never get in contact with that user again is very high due to no face-to-face interaction, which makes it hard to build a relationship for some people. The outcome of this is not being able to maintain or create a strong bond between the two, thus decreasing Social Capital. The last factor to consider is News on the Internet. Having news on the Internet is a great way to increase Social Capital. Norris, (2001) argued that ‘the hope that the Internet would be especially useful in encouraging many people to join political discussions has not been realized’. Norris debates that the Internet is has allowed readers to comment on articles and even start discussions about the article they are reading, but not everyone takes advantage of this option. Discussions help build bonds within people who post comments because they are either support ing or arguing about the information at hand. This does not necessarily mean they are building strong bonds, but a connection is made  between many people that could not happen before the News was posted on the Internet. A following point is that the Internet is always accessible. Modern mobile phones now all have access to the Internet, therefore there is nothing stopping individuals obtaining the news. Smartphones have taken this one step further and created an application to access the news for free. Applications make it simpler for individuals to read the news, email articles to friends and express their opinion with the comment option. Smart phones have given individuals the access to enjoy news wherever they are. During these modern times, Law enforcements have taken to updating the news via social networks. Updating social networks spread to a wider audience of readers, keeps readers aware of what is happening in the news and gives the opportunity for individuals to ask questions and in some cases help. This helps increase Social Capital, serious and local news can be discussed between readers and in some cases solve problems. For example, injecting the media sources with information of a missing person spreads the acknowledgment and creates more wide spread enforcements, which is shown in the following statement . ‘Subsequent researchers (Best & Dautrich, 2003; Kavanaugh, Reese, Carroll, & Rosson, 2005; Kobayashi, Ikeda, & Miyata, 2006; Rà ¤sà ¤nen & Kouvo, 2007) found that online communications have a positive effect on individuals’ social trust and participation in community life’ (Valenzuela, S., Park, N. and Kee, K. F. (2009), Is There Social Capital in a Social Network Site?: Facebook Use and College Students’ Life Satisfaction, Trust, and Participatio n; Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication) Overall, all these factors help increase social capital, because they are creating strong bonds between different people, most of who wasn’t aware of others existence. Alternatively, News on the Internet can also decrease social capital. This is because there is again, no face-to-face interaction with other people, therefore making it hard to build relationships and bonds. Discussions can also lead to arguments on the Internet, the lack of face-to-face interaction gives some readers the confidence to vocalise opinions they would not necessarily vocalise when in physical contact with someone. The Internet for a lot of individuals is seen as a shield of protection, and a small percentage of people can voice hateful words on the Internet and no action can be taken. This decreases an individual’s Social Capital, because people would not want to create bonds  with others with view on the Internet. In conclusion, the Internet has been linked to both increase and decrease Social Capital in numerous ways. Social Networking has increased Social Capital by creating bonds between individuals with a variety of positive social aspects, maintaining old friendships and whilst enabling new ones. However, Social Networking also decreases Social Capital due to the lack of face-to-face interaction, and it is also argued that Social Networks ‘merely sustain weak, superficial bonds due to the ease and facile nature of online interactions’ (Donath and Boyd, 2004). Online shopping platforms have also increased Social Capital, EBay forces users to contact each other to ask about products they are selling, users bid/buy products and are sometimes in competition with other users to win the item. This creates bonds between users even though they are weak. The decrease of Social Capital on EBay is the point of no face-to-face interaction, and after the transition is completed, there is no need for you to contact that user again, so this is an example of short term Social Capital. The last point discussed was News on the Internet, the increase of Social Capital in the news is the point of everyone being able to comment or discuss news stories. Alternatively, the decreasing affect of the news on the Internet is also an invitation for arguments and hurtful opinions. References: Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook â€Å"friends:† Social Capital and college students’ use of social networking sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), article 1. (2005). What is Social Capital and how might it be used in Scotland’s schools? Available: http://www.ces.ed.ac.uk/PDF%20Files/Brief036.pdf.). (Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007) ‘The benefits of Facebook â€Å"friends:† Social Capital and college students’ use of online social network sites). Donath, J., & Boyd, D. (2004). Public displays of connection. BT Technology Journal, 22(4), 71–82. Kotha, S., Rajgopal, S., Venkatachalam, M., (2004) The role of online buying experience as a competitive advantage: evidence from ThirdParty ratings for ecommerce firms, The Journal of Business, 77(S2), pp. 109-13. Dekker, P & Uslaner, E (2001). Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life. London & New York: Routledge. Kilpatrick, S. Falk, I. Harrison, L (1998). Learning in rural communities: a rapid economic change. Australia: Centre of Research and Learning in Regional Australia Best, S., & Dautrich, K. (2003). Reinvigorating democracy: Generating social capital and political participation on the Internet. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Nashville, TN. Kavanaugh, A., Reese, D., Carroll, J., & Rosson, M. (2005). Weak ties in networked communities. Information Society, 21, 119–131. Kobayashi, T., Ikeda, K. i., & Miyata, K. (2006). Social capital online: Collective use of the Internet and reciprocity as lubricants of democracy. Information, Communication & Society, 9, 582–611. Rà ¤sà ¤nen, P., & Kouvo, A. (2007). Linked or divided by the web Internet use and sociability in four European countries Communication & Society, 10, 219–241. Websites: http://pages.ebay.co.uk/aboutebay/thecompany/companyoverview.html

Free Essays on Ashante Indians

ashanti.com.au/ History of the Ashanti People Asante (Ashanti) History Much of the modern nation of Ghana was dominated from the late 17th through the late 19th century by a state known as Asante. Asante was the largest and most powerful of a series of states formed in the forest region of southern Ghana by people known as the Akan. Among the factors leading the Akan to form states, perhaps the most important was that they were rich in gold. In the 15th and 16th centuries, gold-seeking traders came to Akan country not only from the great Songhay empire (in the modern Republic of Mali) and the Hausa cities of northern Nigeria, but also from Europe. After the Portuguese built the first European fort in tropical Africa at El Mina in 1482, the stretch of the Atlantic coast now in Ghana became known in Europe as the Gold Coast. Akan entrepreneurs used gold to purchase slaves from both African and European traders. Indeed, while Europeans would eventually ship at least twelve million slaves to the Americas (the estimates vary between 20 - 40 million people who were sent to the Americas as slaves from West Africa by European slave traders), they initially became involved in slave trading by selling African slaves to African purchasers. The Portuguese supplied perhaps 12,000 slaves to Akan country between 1500 and 1535, and continued selling slaves from Sao Tome and Nigeria to the Gold Coast throughout the 16th century. Before Benin imposed a ban on slave exports, a Portuguese slave trader reported that at Benin they purchased, "a great number of slaves who were bartered very profitably at El Mina. The labour of these slaves enabled the Akan to expand gold production by developing deep-level mining in addition to panning alluvial soils. Even more importantly, slave labor enabled the Akan to undertake the immensely laborious task of clearing the dense forests of southern Ghana for farming. The most prominent historian of Asante, ... Free Essays on Ashante Indians Free Essays on Ashante Indians ashanti.com.au/ History of the Ashanti People Asante (Ashanti) History Much of the modern nation of Ghana was dominated from the late 17th through the late 19th century by a state known as Asante. Asante was the largest and most powerful of a series of states formed in the forest region of southern Ghana by people known as the Akan. Among the factors leading the Akan to form states, perhaps the most important was that they were rich in gold. In the 15th and 16th centuries, gold-seeking traders came to Akan country not only from the great Songhay empire (in the modern Republic of Mali) and the Hausa cities of northern Nigeria, but also from Europe. After the Portuguese built the first European fort in tropical Africa at El Mina in 1482, the stretch of the Atlantic coast now in Ghana became known in Europe as the Gold Coast. Akan entrepreneurs used gold to purchase slaves from both African and European traders. Indeed, while Europeans would eventually ship at least twelve million slaves to the Americas (the estimates vary between 20 - 40 million people who were sent to the Americas as slaves from West Africa by European slave traders), they initially became involved in slave trading by selling African slaves to African purchasers. The Portuguese supplied perhaps 12,000 slaves to Akan country between 1500 and 1535, and continued selling slaves from Sao Tome and Nigeria to the Gold Coast throughout the 16th century. Before Benin imposed a ban on slave exports, a Portuguese slave trader reported that at Benin they purchased, "a great number of slaves who were bartered very profitably at El Mina. The labour of these slaves enabled the Akan to expand gold production by developing deep-level mining in addition to panning alluvial soils. Even more importantly, slave labor enabled the Akan to undertake the immensely laborious task of clearing the dense forests of southern Ghana for farming. The most prominent historian of Asante, ...

Essay on INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOCULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY

Essay on INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOCULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY Essay on INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOCULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY Essay on INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOCULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGYThe history of linguistics and philosophy contains different views on the nature of metaphor and its function from understanding of a metaphor as a linguistic expression and a rhetorical means to hyperbolizing its role in man’s cognition of the world. Modern science recognizes the metaphor as the tool and the result of the interpretation of reality, a way and the fact of thinking; metaphor gets a definition as not merely linguistic but a conceptual phenomenon.From a formal point of view, the metaphorical transfer consists in using words (phrases, sentences) intended to denote certain objects (situations) of reality to name or characterize other objects (situations) based on a conditional sameness of the predictive signs attributed to them. At the level of the structural pattern of a sentence, the metaphorical transfer is expressed in the use of the structural pattern that describes a particular extralinguistic s ituation to refer to the situation of a different kind. From a content-related point of view, according to linguists and cognitologists, metaphor at any level is a cognitive/conceptual mapping of one area of human experience over another (Landau, Meier, Robinson, 2013).As the basic objects of analysis in metaphorology researchers (G. Lakoff, M. Johnson et al.) distinguish three groups of cognitive structures of metaphorical expansion:Source domain (war, theatre, man, inanimate nature, plants, animals, sport, disease, monarchy, family, school, etc.);Target domain (politics, parties, states, the President, elections, parliament, economy, laws, inflation, terrorism, etc.);Basic cognitive structures (ours/theirs, us/them, good/bad, etc.) (Lakoff, Johnson, 2003).Here are some explicit examples of metaphors cited by Max Black (1962):The chairman plowed through the discussion.A smoke screen of witnesses.An argumentative melodyBlotting-paper voices (Henry James)The poor are negroes of Europ e (Sebastian Roch Nicolas de Chamfort)Light is but the shadow of God (Sir Thomas Browne)Oh dear white children, casual as birds, Playing amid the ruined languages (Auden)In this way, when we use a metaphor, we have in mind two thoughts about two different things with these ideas interacting with each other within a single word or an expression, the meaning of which is the result of this interaction. Let us analyze an example from this standpoint: â€Å"The poor are negroes of Europe† (Chamfort). According to substitutional point of view, the statement implicitly says something about poor people of Europe. But what exactly? Is it that they are the oppressed class, the eternal challenge to officially proclaimed ideals, that poverty is indelible and inherited trait? According to a comparative point of view, this expression contains a comparison between the poor and illiterate (taking into account the time when the statement was made). In contrast to both of these points of view, Richards (2004) would say that our thoughts about the poor Europeans and American negroes interact and penetrate each other to generate a new meaning.This means that in this context the focal word â€Å"negroes† gets the new meaning of which we cannot say that it completely coincides with its literal meaning, or that it is equal to the literal meaning of any other word allowable in this context. New context (â€Å"frame† of the metaphor) causes the expansion of the meaning of the focal word. Richards implies that for a metaphor to work, the reader must constantly be aware of the expansion of the meanings and refer to the old and new meaning simultaneously (Black, 1962; Richards, 2004).Peter Newmark, known in linguistic circles as a translator-practician, in his â€Å"Textbook of Translation† highlights two functions of the metaphor: connotative and aesthetic (cited in Geary, 2012). Connotative function refers to the ability of metaphor to describe in more detai l both specific and abstract concepts, to express ideas brighter and deeper characterize the quality of the described object. And it is important to correctly assess whether the semantic domain of a metaphor is positive or negative. Let us consider the following sentence: â€Å"German bosses of the 1990’s were Jack Welches of Germany†. What did the author have in mind comparing the heads of major German companies to Jack Welch? We know that in 1999, Jack Welch was voted the manager of the century. Thus, the metaphor has obvious positive overtones. We can paraphrase the sentence as follows: â€Å"Talented managers headed the major German companies.† Aesthetic function, in turn, refers to the ability of metaphors to have aesthetic impact on the reader, interest and surprise (Geary, 2012).In many areas of social communication, for example, in politics, metaphor serves as an important means of cognition and explanation of the world, an effective means of pragmatic i mpact on the consciousness of the mass audience.Thus, opposition in the Bundestag (German Parliament) uses a metaphor for the negative characteristics of the Kanzler Merkel’s performance: â€Å"Merkel-Regierung hat versagt, sie selbst sei nur noch â€Å"Geschftsfà ¼hrerin† der Regierung† (Merkel’s government is not doing its job, and she is only a manager and not the head of the government) (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung). Accepting the metaphorical model proposed by a politician (e.g., the economy is a sick person), we at the same time accept all the consequences that follow from it (for example, the fact that the patient (the economy) can be saved by the doctor (head of the state) and new methods of treatment (economic reforms). Here it is appropriate to recall the well-known term â€Å"shock therapy†. To illustrate this, we offer the examples of metaphorical newspaper titles in Germany: â€Å"Union und FDP: Die lange Nacht der Gruppentherapie † (CDU and FDP: The Long Night of Group Therapy), â€Å"Regierungserklrung zur Energiewende: Eine Herkulesaufgabe† (Government Statement on Energy Policy: a Herculean Task), Ein Maulwurf in der FDP (A Mole in the FDP) (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung).Thus, metaphor is a powerful means to influence or even manipulate the audience. Should a metaphor be considered a lie then? Based on the definition a lie as a statement of the imaginary as the real, and/or the real as the imaginary, we can infer that metaphors state the true, however, in a misleading way. They contain a cipher. Metaphor is a lie, which does not particularly seek to appear as the truth, because both the speaker and listener as implied understand that the statement is not the truth (Geary, 2012). They seem to wink at each other and slyly smile, and the listener already begins to look for a different meaning of the said (if the one understands the lies, and has a key to deciphering the metaphor). Both are i nvolved in a social game, because the first innocently lies, and the second solves the riddles.On a whole, metaphor is not limited to the sphere of language: the very processes of human thinking are largely metaphorical. As a phenomenon of consciousness, metaphor is manifested not only in communication as such, but also in thought and in action, social and political patterns, as well as involves intercultural meanings and conceptual reality.

Animal Studies and School Project Ideas

Animal Studies and School Project Ideas Animal projects and studies are important to understanding various biological processes in animals and even humans. Scientists study animals in order to learn ways to improve animal health for farm production, wildlife preservation, and human companionship. They also study animals to discover new methods to improve human health. Animal studies give us a better understanding of disease development and prevention, as well as standards for normal and abnormal behavior. The following animal project ideas introduce areas of animal studies that can be explored through experimentation. Since some science fairs may prohibit projects that involve animals, so be sure to get permission from your instructor before beginning any animal-based science project. Amphibian and Fish Project Ideas Does temperature affect tadpole growth?Do water pH levels affect tadpole growth?Does water temperature affect amphibian respiration?Does magnetism affect limb regeneration in newts?Does water temperature affect fish color?Does the size of a population of fish affect growth?Does music affect fish activity?Does the amount of light affect fish activity? Bird Project Ideas Which types of plants attract hummingbirds?What factors increase egg-laying in birds?Do different bird species prefer a particular color of bird seed?Do certain bird species prefer to eat in a group or alone?Do certain bird species prefer one type of habitat over another? Insect Project Ideas How does temperature affect the growth of butterflies? How does light affect ants?Do different colors attract or repel insects?How does pollution affect insects?How do insects adapt to pesticides?Do magnetic fields affect insects?Does soil acidity affect insects?Does color affect insect-eating habits?Does light or heat attract insects to lamps at night?Do insects behave differently in a larger population as opposed to a smaller population?What factors cause crickets to chirp more often?What substances do mosquitoes find attractive or repellent? Mammal Project Ideas Does light variation alter animal sleep habits?Do cats or dogs have better night vision?Does music affect an animals mood?Do bird sounds affect cat behavior?Which animal sense has the greatest effect on short-term memory?Does animal saliva have antimicrobial properties?Does colored water affect animal drinking habits? Animal Information and Resources For additional information about animals, see: 10 Fascinating Animal Facts: Discover several wondrous and fascinating facts about animalsTen Amazing Bioluminescent Organisms: Some organisms such as jellyfish have the ability to glow. The light emitted is due to a chemical reactionWhy Some Animals Play Dead: When faced with danger, some animals go into a catatonic state and appear to be dead to the world.Top 7 Bugs That Feed on Humans: There are a number of bugs that feed on humans. These bugs are resilient, gaining immunity to insecticides, and out for your blood.Common Animal Questions and Answers: Why do zebras have stripes? Why do some tigers have white coats? Find answers to these and other commonly asked questions about animals.The Worlds Fastest Animals: What are the fastest animals on the planet? These swift animals reach amazing speeds on land, in the air, and in the ocean. Science Experiments and Models Performing science experiments and constructing models are fun and exciting ways to learn about science. Try making a model of the lungs or a DNA model using candy. You can also discover how to extract DNA from a banana or get ideas on how to use plants in experiments.

Organization design (dealing with resistance to change) Assignment

Organization design (dealing with resistance to change) - Assignment Example In this essay, we will focus on the lifecycle of resistance to change to establish the stage at which Bonneville is, at present, with its change strategies. In 2013, Bonneville was first reported to have involved in a discriminative hiring scandal of two veterans. After a conclusive investigation, the U.S Department of Energys Inspector General released its report confirming the scandal (Ted, BPA: Feeds Release Damning Investigation of Bonnevilles Hiring Practices and Management Culture 1). The investigative report stated that, the Portland-based power marketing agency was found to have consistently manipulated the rankings of applicants as well as failing to disclose the inappropriate behavior that led them to discrimination against veterans and other applicants. Going further, the company did not bother to initiate any corrective measures aimed at offering a remedy to the problems. With this report, the pressure to change was mounting and increasing through the courts and warnings of the Department of Energy. After the issuance of this report, the public realized about the scandal and the prohibited practice of this company. At this stage, most of the BPA officials tried as much as they can to distance themselves with the allegation and the DOE procedures (Ted, BPA: Feeds Release Damning Investigation of Bonnevilles Hiring Practices and Management Culture 2). They considered that such procedures and processes were an unnecessary administrative burden. This situation, as we remember, is what led to prohibited personnel practices and went ahead to prevent their disclosure. At the moment, the flaws of BPA had been identified and made public. After two whistleblowers had reported BPA for their flawed and discriminative recruitment practices, both the court and U.S Department of Energy issued strong punishment to the company with warnings to see that they comply with the employment regulations. The veterans have a preference to employment as

Women in Catholicism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women in Catholicism - Essay Example The Gospels give account of the presence and importance of women in the company of Jesus and His interactions with them. Prominent among them are Mary and Martha, sisters of Lazarus, the friends of Jesus, and Mary Magdalene. The Gospels also mention Mary Magdalene as among the witnesses of the resurrection. But Paul, the founder of Christianity, does not mention any woman witness at the event and women could not become priests or bishops like the men (Kilgo). Whatever roles women traditionally played in early Christianity, the leaders of the evolving Catholic church clarified that women could not have official positions in the orthodox Church (Kilgo 2006). Paul refers to women, as well as to men, as his fellow evangelists. Sources, like the Gospel of Mary Magdalene, also show that her Christian community regarded her as a disciple, a leader and a major teacher. This same Gospel relates how her brother Peter opposed her activity and suggested that the newly established Orthodox Church, based in Rome, did not approve of it. Another orthodox leader in Africa, Tertullian, denounced similar activities by another woman who was baptizing, preaching and performing other acts, which were not allowed women. As early as in the first centuries, there was a great deal of objection and prejudice towards the role of women in the church (Kilgo). A study found that the higher one’s educational level goes, the less is his sexist attitude and gender prejudice towards women and that religiosity in a dominantly Catholic country displays benevolent, though not hostile, attitudes towards the genders (Glick 2002). Established religions, like orthodox Catholicism, have consistently practiced and exhibited these sexist attitudes, which justify and reinforce structural inequality between men and women. Responses to interviews and results of the study provided evidence that increasing the level of education could reduce or solve conventional gender inequalities.

Women Liberation Is Still a Fiction Research Paper

Women Liberation Is Still a Fiction - Research Paper Example Women are considered more responsible and hence even the domestic front has to be looked after by women of the houses. The paper argues on the fact that women liberation is still a fiction. The indicators which give the impression of women liberation are in fact illusions. Most of the offices in the world today give the statistics of women employees. The figure is encouraging. Ii indicates that so many women have come out from the domestic front and are engaging themselves in the economic activities. In reality, the picture is completely different. It is true that women participate in economic activities but how much they are a part of the economy remains a big question. In most cases, women work as hard as men rather more than men but her contribution is not seen as a worthy one in society. The belief is such that her income is mainly for satisfying unimportant desires and hence do not have an importance that is equal to that of a man. Women today put on bold attire. This is because they are liberated from the clutches of conservatism. Through their dress, they try to show the world that they can express their desires in modern society. Unfortunately, it does not remain so easy for women. A study has proved that men were of the opinion that women should pay attention to the kind of dresses that they wear. They should not put on something which will catch the attention of men because that may cause rape and other sexual offences. (Campbell and Norris, 39). â€Å"Only through eradication of outward ornament can women atone for the vices of their sex†. (Coon, 32). Through this, it can be understood that the existing belief was that female sexuality was a vice and it can only be controlled if women control their appearances. It was expected that the proper norm for women was to put on drab dresses in order to prevent sexual exploitation.  

Three historical actors Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Three historical actors - Assignment Example The most spoken language is English, with Roman Catholicism as its official state religion. It’s the largest economy in the USA, with a range of industries, and has the leading sports activities in the entire country (Cooke, 2005). In this five-page paper, I am going to talk about three historical actors who played significant roles in shaping California and the reasons behind their shaping positions. Industrialization, as an actor, played significant roles in the shaping of California’s present environment, both natural and manmade, during the early 19th and 20th Century. The country went through a rapid growth through industrialization, increasing both its agricultural and industrial power. â€Å"Industrialization led to make the California economy to specialize in agriculture, oil, tourism and shipping among others, which later resulted in a rise in technological advancement† (Jakes, 17). The state improved in aerospace and electronics industry, leading to the emergence of film stars of the Hollywood, making the country attract attention from all over the world. Industrialization later resulted in high advancement levels of computers in the country, specifically in the Silicon Valley, thereby emerging as the global center for all the process of innovation and invention of computers. The discovery of oil in California, during the periods of 1848 was later enhanced by industrialization that brought in all the technological machinery that got required for the process of extracting the oil. Later on, the state got in a position to develop all the machinery needed for manufacturing the oil since it was purely crude oil. This can get attributed to the necessity of industrialization to meet the increasing oil demand by the growing population in this state. The crude oil got manufactured, and different petroleum products such as oil gas, paraffin, kerosene, diesel, among other bi-products got made (Isenberg, 11). Some of these products were

Managing Change by Managing Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Change by Managing Risk - Essay Example Technological development means keeping the technology up to date for the company in order to remain competitive in the market. Competitive environment forces the companies to retain good quality of the products and services in order to improve customer satisfaction. 3.2 Internal Forces of Change Internal forces of organizational change include such forces, which force the change to occur inside the company. These changes are very significant in order to increase employee satisfaction and employee commitment towards their job responsibilities. The changes include change in the working atmosphere, change in employment rules and regulations, and change regarding employee retention strategies. 4. Risk Management Harrison (n.d.) states, â€Å"Change is inherently ambiguous, and those who deal creatively with change will have a high tolerance for uncertainty†. In case of organizational change, we can say that organizational change needs proper management of risks in order to be suc cessful. Francois (n.d.) states, â€Å"A change management process is a series of business practices used to control and manage change within a large system or organization†. Risk management is one of those business practices that are needed to implement organizational change. â€Å"Much of risk management work is focused on the management of risk in a 'business as usual' and relatively stable environment† (Anderson 2004). Risk management is a process, which is used to identify and measure the risks being faced by a company or a firm. Risk management refers to the concept of keeping the risks under control so that they do not create any kind of dangerous situation for the company. This process of... According to the research there are two types of organizational change, which include external and internal forces of change. External and internal forces of change not only result in altering organizational policies concerning various business activities but also influence major functions of management. The external forces of change include competitive business environment, technological development, and political and social environment of an organization. Technological development means keeping the technology up to date for the company in order to remain competitive in the market. Competitive environment forces the companies to retain good quality of the products and services in order to improve customer satisfaction. Internal forces of organizational change include such forces, which force the change to occur inside the company. These changes are very significant in order to increase employee satisfaction and employee commitment towards their job responsibilities. The changes incl ude change in the working atmosphere, change in employment rules and regulations, and change regarding employee retention strategies. Changes are inevitable in every company or organization whether it belongs top construction industry or some other industry. Managers need to consider several issues related to different business activities before planning to bring some change to the organizational policies. Risk management also plays a key role in change management. Some of the risks related to construction companies include design assumption risk, structural development procedures, fire risk, and environment uncertainty risks.

Three historical actors Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Three historical actors - Assignment Example The most spoken language is English, with Roman Catholicism as its official state religion. It’s the largest economy in the USA, with a range of industries, and has the leading sports activities in the entire country (Cooke, 2005). In this five-page paper, I am going to talk about three historical actors who played significant roles in shaping California and the reasons behind their shaping positions. Industrialization, as an actor, played significant roles in the shaping of California’s present environment, both natural and manmade, during the early 19th and 20th Century. The country went through a rapid growth through industrialization, increasing both its agricultural and industrial power. â€Å"Industrialization led to make the California economy to specialize in agriculture, oil, tourism and shipping among others, which later resulted in a rise in technological advancement† (Jakes, 17). The state improved in aerospace and electronics industry, leading to the emergence of film stars of the Hollywood, making the country attract attention from all over the world. Industrialization later resulted in high advancement levels of computers in the country, specifically in the Silicon Valley, thereby emerging as the global center for all the process of innovation and invention of computers. The discovery of oil in California, during the periods of 1848 was later enhanced by industrialization that brought in all the technological machinery that got required for the process of extracting the oil. Later on, the state got in a position to develop all the machinery needed for manufacturing the oil since it was purely crude oil. This can get attributed to the necessity of industrialization to meet the increasing oil demand by the growing population in this state. The crude oil got manufactured, and different petroleum products such as oil gas, paraffin, kerosene, diesel, among other bi-products got made (Isenberg, 11). Some of these products were

Designing VB Applications Across Multiple Platforms Essay

Designing VB Applications Across Multiple Platforms - Essay Example It enables the programmers to create a source code that is specific, easy to read, and explicit. Some of the advantages of implementing the naming convention system are: It supports the use of the tools used for searching and replacing, which has minimal possible of incurring an error. It makes it clear for one to understand the source code since ambiguity will is made minimal. It gives the source code a look that is professional-like. It also gives the code an aesthetic look. So we can conclude that the naming convention beautifies the code. It facilitates consistency, hence enabling the readers to base their focus on the content of the source code, rather that its layout. In the code, the content as opposed to the layout is the most important. It gives extra information about the source code, hence making it easy for the reader to understand the code. This additional information makes the code to be self-descriptive. The user is able to understand the function of each line of code. One is able to make amendments and maintain the source code with ease. It makes it easy for other programmers to easily understand your code. This enables other programmers to be able to upgrade your code with ease in future. ... The unit is supposed to come last, starting with an underscore and without being cased. The use of the Option Explicit. This statement entails the declaration of all variables used in the Visual Basic code. Declaring of variables helps in saving on the programming time, by minimizing the amount of bugs caused as a result of typos (Snell & Powers 2010). The following steps can be used to create a calendar scheduling system: On the Start Menu, Go to All Program, then the Windows Calendar. Click on the New Task Button, or the New Appointment’s Button. This enables one to start on a new and an empty appointment that one can add on their Windows Calendar. One is now able to add information on the new appointment. This is done on the details pane. This is where one specifies whether they want the Windows Calendar to remind them about the task. Click anywhere outside of the Appointment’s Pane to view the task that you added to the created appointment. The View Button enables o ne to make a cycle throughout the views. One can be able to select the required view from the sequence of views. A Calendarscope is a calendar developing software that enables one to plan, manage, and schedule special events, for instance meetings, appointments, among others. It enables one to view all their events on a daily, a weekly, a monthly, or a yearly basis. One can be able to get a quick glance of one day using any view of the calendar. Using this software, one can be able to create single or frequent responsibilities and events, set a reminder for events that are upcoming, put different colors for the different types of items, among other things. It supports many features, among them the drag

The path of blood Essay Example for Free

The path of blood Essay The path blood take from the right femoral vein to lower lobe of the right lung via the pulmonary artery is as follows; we start in the right femoral vein which is located in the thigh and travel to the right external iliac vein. Blood from the femoral vein emptiness in the inferior vena cava but first must travel through the external iliac. The iliac vein joins with the inferior vena cava. The inferior vena cava takes deoxygenated blood form the lower limbs of the body to the right atrium (Thibodeau, Patton, 2008. ). Following the inferior vena cava we travel in to the right atrium of the heart. The purpose of right atrium of the heart is to receive deoxygenated blood from the body through the inferior vena cava and pump it into the right ventricle (MedicineNet.com, 2012). Once we are ready to leave the right atrium we go into the right AV valve (AV is atrioventricular or cuspid, (Thibodeau, Patton, 2008.).The AV valve stops blood from flowing backwards and every time the heart beats the valve opens and closes. The AV valve allows blood to flow into the right ventricle. But before blood goes into the right ventricle it has to travel through the tricuspid valve. The tricuspid valve along with AV and SL are all structures that prevent blood from flowing backwards (Thibodeau, Patton, 2008.). So we now know that the right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium, but what we don’t already know is that the right ventricle sends the [continues]

Successes And Failures Of Un Control Of Human Rights Violations International Law Essay

Successes And Failures Of Un Control Of Human Rights Violations International Law Essay 1. United Nations signed Universal Declaration on Human Rights in 1948 for protection of human rights and maintenance of world peace. Regrettably, the record on this front has not been encouraging. Although UN has been successful in avoiding third World War in the past six decades but the painful reality, however, is that wars, some international and several internal, have taken place and produced casualties estimated to have exceeded those of World War II. Failures of UN 2. The performance United Nations in Somalia was fitful. Its absolute failure in maintaining even some impression of peace in Bosnia is a serious and ineradicable blemish on its image and has sternly damaged its credibility. To the victims of the Bosnian conflict, be they Muslims, Croats or Serbs, the UN has become a malicious joke, a dirty word. Feeble impotence of UN forces to counter substantial and atrocious violations of basic human rights had deeply shaken the faith of the international community in the world organization.  [1]   3. Since its inception UN has shown failure around the world except in the case of Kuwait, the UN has been incapable to take valuable and absolute measures to implement peace. Under the influence of this incapability, the organization has in practice employed other means to preserve international peace, tranquility and security. UN peace keeping missions around the world especially concentrated in African contentment are directed towards this effort. 4. The UN does not enjoy an exceptional record, in these missions especially after its failures in Bosnia, Somalia and Rwanda. The problems persistent to the UN Peacekeepers are:- (a) The fundamental disagreement over the allocation of authority among the Security Council, the General Assembly and the Secretary General. (b) The absence of any clear and coherent policy. (c) Widely different perceptions about what constitutes threat to peace. (d) The Security Council is essentially a political body and its decisions have largely been swayed by political considerations in many cases. (e) There have been reservations and concerns that the integrity of the Charter may be impaired by political tendencies. (f) Over dominance of the five Permanent members of the Security Council due to the veto power that they enjoy. 5. There numerous instruments existing for the protection of human rights as mentioned in Chapter I and UN Charter has clearly laid down the Human Rights which all human beings universally enjoy as seen in Chapter III. It is extremely surprising that despite all those lofty resolutions and conferences, the violation of human rights is so common and frequent. (a) Central American Region. Violation of human rights in this part of the world remains more or less in intransience. In Guatemala and El- Salvador, the torture and kidnappings were quite regular. In these Central American countries such violations denied many of their basic liberties through imprisonment, mistreatment of prisoners and denial of due legal procedures. In Nicaragua a state of emergency overruling all accepted rights was imposed and the UNO hardly took any notice of these violations. In Honduras and Panama thousands remain cramped in jails for no serious charges (for protests against Human Rights violations in 1987). The UN then too has remained unmoved. (b) Tibet. In the this land of Lamas, wherein a struggle for independence is continuing for decades together, the citizens of the nation are being suppressed by military rule of martial law. The denial of basic human rights is predominantly visible, but it created no ripples in the corridors of the UNO. The opposition by the Tibetans at the time of Olympics in China was well highlighted by international media however not adequate attention was paid to their cause and protest. (c) Arab and the Middle East Region. In the Middle East countries, mainly in Iran and Saudi Arabia, the situation remained quite ghastly for decades now. In the name of Religion and Allah, citizens have been denied free trial and investigation, many were put to axe on mere religious Fatwas. The UNO remained a quite spectator to all these misdeeds in the name of religion. The international law and basic rights as promulgated have been denied in the name of local religious law and crime and atrocities have been created publically but neither UN nor any human rights organizations have been effective in providing respite to the citizens from these dreadful crimes. (d) Afpak Region. The bare violation of Human Rights by the Taliban and other militant organization in the region continue with their dictatorial style of religious fundamentalism with no intervention by the UN visible on the horizon. US forces are operating in the region but they are not been able to provide much relief to the citizens of Afghanistan.  [2]  In spite of presence US and NATO forces in the region violation in the Pakistan itself have not been influenced by the presence of these forces and the media coverage provided to them. FATA and NWFP region of these two nations is the human centre of terrorist dictatorship and need urgent UN attention. (e) African Continent. Rwanda is set to succeed in its proffer to be part of commonwealth despite serious record of violation of human rights. In spite of such a high rate of violation by the nations and violent opposition by NGOs that the entry into the club would encourage Kigali to raise level of violation and it will become difficult to take any action as in case of Fiji.  [3]  Democratic Republic of Congo in which freedom of speech, the press and human rights are undermined or violently abused, in which courts fail to meet international standards and country which has invaded its neighbors four times since 1994 the killings by Tutsis and retaliatory killings of Hutus.  [4]  Although government in Darfur has increased deployment of police and security personnel against gender based bias and sentenced several security personnel for rape the human right situation in Darfur is still grim, the town of Tawilla is completely deserted after police attack.  [5]   (f) Human Rights Violation in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The convolution of the ethnic problem and ethnic hatred has been the origin of the human carnage which has resulted in an unparalleled toll of human lives. Campaigns launched for ethnic cleansing devastated this Balkan republic. European community and US largely perceived that the Serbs were responsible for the massacre of the Muslims. International community has failed to evaluation the civil war sit in Bosnia dispassionately and blamed the Serbs. In fact, the failure of UN to bring about a resolution in the discord between various groups in the state has also been one of the major reasons for such a large scale violation of human rights. (g) Oil for Food Scandal. The program was part of a inclusive set of UN- mandated sanctions intended to prevent Hussein from reconstituting a menace to his neighbors. The program allowed approximately $7 billion per year of Iraqi oil revenues to be used to procure food and medicine for the Iraqi people. It was endeavourer of UN forces that money was utilized for same but not to purchase weapons or WMD- related technology for the Hussein regime. The UN sanctions regime against Iraq, including the Oil for Food program is worth close scrutiny not because it was a scandal, although scandal there was, but because taken as a whole, it is the most successful use of international sanctions on record.  [6]  Documenting the why and wherefores of that success is as important as correcting the shortfalls that allowed a rogue regime, in connivance with unscrupulous international businessmen, to siphon funds from UN- administered Iraqi accounts.  [7]   (j) People Died of Starvation in Somalia. Despite the large presence of a troops of a UN security force and a faction of ceasefire observers, around Somalia the ceasefire was overlooked and in its place fighting continued with increasing brutality. The relief operations were at great risk. During the final quarter of 1992, factions in Somalia split into more and smaller factions, many of those even formally disobeyed the UN Security Council which made the situation even harder to control. No heed was paid to hundreds of poverty stricken refugees who were dying of starvation every day.   This mission in Somalia failed to control difficult situations which involve numerous parties. Given UNs limited military strength and the impossibility to get the different warlords of Somalia to negotiate peacefully, UN attempts to maintain peace and security like that of the operation in Somalia was bound to fail.  [8]   (h) Resolutions 1235 and 1503 and Its Effectiveness. When Resolution 1503 was adopted by UN, it was seen as a step further than Resolution 1235 in the development of shielding machinery. This insight probably arose from the fact that while initiatives under 1235 lie completely in the hands of the member states. Resolution 1503 gave the power to individuals and NGOs. (i) The Greece case. A detailed and well documented complaint against the government (1967-74) was lodged by NGO of the state but it was tossed back and forth by the working group concerned for two years. The complaint was finally dropped when the Greek military command released a large number of detainees (without changing the illogical system of detention and torture).  [9]   (ii) The Uganda Case. Idi Amins of Uganda case was another case to surpass through the muddle established by 1503. Information and complaints concerning the administration did arrive at the commission in 1974 and again in 1976/77. Not until 1978, on the eve of Amins flight following the defeat by the Tanzanian Army, aided by Ugandan insurgents, did the Commission take any action at all. That action implied the form of a request to the Secretary General to appoint a special envoy to Uganda under the confidential procedure. The procedure laid down under resolution, once the subject of great hope, has purely not lived up to the expectations. It often served as screen behind which gross violators who could take shelter behind it. If the objective was to obtain prompt publicity or public action for serious human rights violations, the 1503 procedure is inappropriate.  [10]   6. Delayed Action by the UN. The UN mission was designed as the mechanism to form rules of relationship between the members of international society. Since the end of World War II, there had been hardly any wars between states, but there were as many as 110 local conflicts between states.  [11]  The military forces of 71 governments participated in these conflicts, and 135 supporter group and non-governmental forces were engaged.  [12]  The consequences were appalling: thousands of innocent civilians have been killed in these conflicts. Over the years there has been upward trend in internal rather than interstate conflict. The UN is mostly without initiatives except to acknowledge to the invitation of warring parties, or in certain extreme cases when it intervenes to prevent abuse of human rights. The UN usually has been silent observer to the situation with a certain detachment until it reached a critical point, and intervenes only after the situation has gone out of hand. B y the time an intervention is affected, the parties have already intensified their mutual detest and preventable damage is caused. Successes of UN 7. The UN has been unprejudiced and successful setting values for setting roles, selectively successful in monitoring abuses; and almost frail in enforcement. Governments usually subordinate considerations of UN effectiveness to the principle of non-interference. However, the modesty of the achievements of the UN should not blind us to its reality. The Universal Declaration embodies the moral code, political consensus and legal synthesis of human rights. The world has grown more complex in the sixty years since. The simplicity of language belies the passion of conviction underlying them. Activists and NGOs use the Declaration as the concrete point of reference against which to judge state actions. The Covenants require the submission of periodical reports by signatory countries, and so entail the creation of national infrastructures for the protection and promotion of human rights. It might be probably difficult to measure the successes of the UNO objectively. However it would be wor thwhile to have an overview of the various achievements attributed to it over the years in the field of human rights. 8. Democracy Promotion. UN investigated individual complaints of human rights abuse, the UN Human Rights Commission always focused world attention on cases of arbitrary detention, torture, disappearance, and has generated international pressure to be bring down pressure on governments to improve their human rights records. The United Nations has enabled people in many countries to participate in free and fair elections, including those held in Cambodia, Namibia, El Salvador, Eritrea, Mozambique, Nicaragua and South Africa. It has provided electoral advice, assistance, and monitoring of results.  [13]   9. Promotion of Independence Self Reliance. The United Nations has played a pivotal role in independence of countries that are now among its Member States. Independence of nation and its countrymen as is agreed worldwide is a fundamental human right. 10. Maintaining Tranquility and Peace. Deployment peace-keeping forces and observer missions, the United Nations has been able to restore calm to allow the negotiation process to go forward while saving millions of people from becoming casualties in the conflicts. There are presently 16 active peace-keeping forces in operation. 11. Ending Apartheid. United Nation played a important role by imposing measures like an arms prohibition segregation in sporting events, which played a major role in bringing about the downfall of the apartheid in South Africa. General Assembly called it a crime against humanity. UN conducted elections in April 1994 in which all South Africans were allowed to participate on an equal basis, followed by the institution of a majority government. 12. Humanitarian aid to victims of conflict. UN has provided aid to more than 50 million refugees who are victim of war, famine or persecution the UN High Commissioner for Refugees since 1951 in an abiding effort harmonized by the United Nations that often involves other agencies. UN was the first to reach for the assistance of victims of war between Sri Lankan military forces and LTTE. It provided aid in terms of food, medical and other humanitarian assistance. UN provided aid worth $ 37.5 million to the Tamil victims and pressurized the government for early resolution of conflict. UN provided aid worth $ 460 million to the victims of flood in Pakistan.  [14]   13. Assistance in Promotion of Women Rights. United Nations has been working for a long time to progress the lives of women and to empower women. Several conferences during the UN-sponsored International Womens Decade set an schema for the improvement of women and womens rights across the globe. The UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) have sponsored programs and projects to improve the quality of life for women in more than 100 countries. They include education, credit and training UN provided access to new food-production technologies and marketing opportunities, and other means of promoting womens work. End Notes

My Personal Philosophy of Education Essays -- Philosophy of Teaching S

Philosophy of Education As a child, when asked what I wanted to be when I grew up, I always said that I wanted to do something to help other people. I realized that even though teachers do not get a lot of respect, or money, they have the greatest job anyone could ever hope for. They help children become adults. All children are inspired by someone to be what they will become in the future. Teachers inspire those of all professions; police officers, firefighters, secretaries, carpenters, bankers, trash collectors, actors, truck drivers, fast food workers, scientists, inventors, doctors, lawyers, even the president. Imagine how it would feel to know that you are the reason someone developed something to benefit mankind, saved a life, or became the first female president of the United States of America. Hopefully, as a teacher I can inspire a child to fulfill all of their dreams. As a teacher I hope to help my students set and achieve goals. Another goal of mine is to get my students to feel good about themselves. These are things they can take with them and use in the future. I will teach students about other cultures and races in an attempt to produce students more accepting, compassionate, and understanding of situations encountered in life. My students will understand that just because someone is not like you, does not mean that there is something wrong with them. Everyone is different in his or her own special way. The purpose of education is not to pre...

The Gross Clinic :: essays research papers

In 1874, Thomas Eakins took a second course in anatomy at Jefferson Medical College. He attended surgical lectures and clinics presided over by Professor Samuel D. Gross. Eakins painted â€Å"The Gross Clinic,† to show the emotion involved in medical procedures. It appears as if the doctors performing the surgery have emotionally removed themselves from the situation at hand. By removing themselves from the emotional aspects of the surgery, the doctors can complete the task much easier than they would have been able to do if they had become emotionally attached to the patient. Had the doctors been emotionally involved in the surgery, they would have become more prone to making errors while operating on the patient because they would be thinking more of their feelings than they would about the surgery in progress. Although emotions are great and necessary things, sometimes trying to remove them is for the best. Another thing noticed by the viewer is the veiled woman crying next to the doctor. She is very involved in this operation by letting her emotions freely show themselves. This woman could be the mother or siblings of the patient, and while she knows that the surgery was necessary to save or improve the life of her beloved, it is difficult to watch. By putting emotions out into the open, as the woman has done, makes them easier to deal with. Keeping feelings bottled up inside can cause breakdowns and emotional instability. This adds another layer of complexity to the surgery. Performing the task would require enough of the doctor's skill, but mix emotion into the equation, and the work, mentally as well as physically, is doubled. In the painting, Gross appears to be feeling a various assortment of emotions. He has paused his surgery and lecture, to deeply think about something. While he must keep his feelings in check, he also needs to by sincere for the sake of the patient’s mother and the students in the surgical amphitheatre. The head of the doctor is placed against a dark background, making it stand out. This creates a dividing layer of emotions. This â€Å"emotion layer† divides the onlookers, who have no real intentions other than to observe the lecture, from the actual participants involved in the surgery. The people in the foreground, whether fighting to get rid of them or choosing to let them to flow out, are dealing with some sort of feelings.

Body Worlds Exhibit Essay

The body worlds exhibit is a traveling exhibition of conserved human bodies and human parts they have prepared by plastination. Plastination is when the water and fat inside the body is replaced with plastic so that human specimens can be touched, do not smell, or decay. The creator of plastination was German his name was, Dr. Gunther Von Hugens. The three main reasons why body worlds exhibits are a good and bad idea to have around the world are, educational but disturbing, artistic but odd, and can help with medicine and patients but can sometimes be personal. To begin, body world exhibits should exist because, they are educational. They give you a visual imagery on your whole body three dimensional using real human bodies. Young students training to be in the medical field could relate to these exhibits and learn a lot, like where your organs are placed, which muscles flex when you move a certain muscle, what it looks like to have smoker’s lungs and not have smoker’s lungs, you could learn many things by going to these exhibits and just examine the bodies. One of the bad reasons why body world exhibits should not exist is because, they can be disturbing. For some cutting up and cleaning out the inside of a dead human body and have it prepared for plastination might just be a bit too extreme. To continue, body world exhibits should exist because, it is artistic. Some of the human bodies are placed in different shapes and forms. For example, there is a human body faced upside down with a skateboard in hand doing a trick it is showing the different kinds of movement in your muscles. Some bodies just have nerves covering their entire body, there are 8th month old fetus’s, and two placsinated bodies meshed together. To make these exhibits interesting you would have to be very creative and artistic. Another bad reason why body world exhibits should not exist is because, their odd. Who would want to go pay $30 for an exhibit that shows thousands of dead people carved out into presentable form so you can see their insides? They were alive just like you a few years ago, and now their a mannequins posing for people to take pictures and jot down notes? You would either have to be artistic, smart, or brave to walk around with plastic corpses.

Monologue and Attitude Revealed through Browning’s ‘My Last Duchess’ Essay

The 16th century poem My Last Duchess by Robert Browning is a monologue of a Duke showing an audience the painting of his late wife. Browning, in this poem, as in many of his poems, uses monologue to reflect on the concepts and notions of his time.   This particular monologue reflects on the perception of women in the 16th century, and in particular, aristocratic women. In this particular monologue, like many of Browning’s monologues, we get not only a feeling for the Duke’s character, but also a feeling about the expectations of a particular class and a particular gender—basically, a women must be obedient to her husband, and any independence is frowned upon. Browning typically used monologue in many of his poems to use this affect—basically, he creates a character to reflect on his own feelings of society, but by using the character, he is able to somewhat mask, or hide behind, that character’s observations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this monologue, we see the Duke as a particularly jealous man. His suspicion would be easily aroused every time his wife thanked someone, especially if it was another man, for a small favor done to her. The Duke thinks that his â€Å"gift of a nine-hundred-years-old-name (line 33)† was the most valuable gift his wife received from her and thus, she should have not just given away her smile and blush for anyone but him. He saw this attitude as a kind of stooping down on her part and in turn, an insult on him and his position in society.   Ã‚  The monologue thus reveals a lot about the main character that is speaking, and in this poem, it is the Duke: The style and structure of this poem play a significant role in the effect of the poem.   As is typical of Browning’s poems, â€Å"My Last Duchess† is written as a dramatic monologue: one speaker relates the entire poem as if to another person present with him.   This format suits this poem particularly well because the speaker, taken to be the Duke of Ferrara, comes across as being very controlling, especially in conversation (My Last Duchess Analysis). When he got tired of these exchanges of smiles between his wife and other people, he â€Å"gave commands;/ Then all smiles stopped together (Browning, lines 45-46).† This ambiguous statement gives the reader a clue as to how the Duchess became an ex-wife. It is not specific, however, so that one can only guess as to what happened—maybe he had her killed or sent her away where she died. From these absurd, oftentimes ridiculous, and obviously arrogant words, the reader can conclude that the Duke was a controlling husband. Lines 50 onwards tell the reader that the Duke is looking for a new wife and the person whom he is showing the painting to, is the assistant or messenger of a Count whose daughter the Duke is eyeing as a prospective wife. The talk he would have later with the Count would be about the arrangement of his next marriage (My Last Duchess Discussion).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Duke represents the traditional male and his attitude towards his late wife mirrors the attitude and expectations of a patriarchal and Victorian society towards women in his monologue. The society of that time expected women to simply obey. She should only reserve her charms for her husband. She must not even try to be beautiful in her own painting. The mere act of being happy, pleasant to anyone regardless of rank and stature in life, and to love the simple pleasures in life as watching the sunset or riding a mule in the case of the Duchess, were all considered acts of unfaithfulness. In short, it was a sin to be naturally beautiful and to have a happy disposition. Men liked to control their wives. Being the only one who could open the curtain to reveal the painting of his beautiful and smiling late wife is symbolic of how this man would do anything to control his wife. If he couldn’t stop his wife from smiling at anyone when she was still alive, at least when she was dead and only lived through her painting the Duke could finally decide as to whom to share his wife’s smiles and charms. Through the painting done by a master, she has also became the expensive commodity that she should have been while living, but a role of which she never assumed because she stooped to being accessible to anyone, much to the disappointment of her husband, the Duke. Noble women should assume the position that their rank in society expected them to and this meant they should be unreachable in the eyes of commoners. They should not be easily pleased with trifle matters like favors from servants. Finally, the talk of arranging his new marriage with the father of his future bride suggests how women were not allowed to express an opinion even to the important topic of whom to spend the rest of their life with. Women were commodities traded upon by men and they have price tags called dowries. By showing the Count’s emissary the painting of his former wife and telling him why he didn’t like her conduct sends the message as to how he expects his next wife to behave. Otherwise, she might become another Last Duchess, another hidden painting in the house. Therefore, this monologue, like many of Browning’s monologues, reflects on his interpretations of his society.   However, by using a character’s reflections on a particular thought, Browning can somewhat mask his inner feelings and thoughts.   The aspects of his reflections come across clearly, and in this monologue, Browning is obviously taking a deeper look at the treatment of women. Work Cited Browning, Robert. My Last Duchess.   2009 April 21. 2011 May 4. . My Last Duchess Analysis.   2007 January 7. 2011 May 4. My Last Duchess Discussion.   2008 May 14.   2011 May 4.

Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Paper 2 - Essay Example The series is about a prominent New York City dweller named David who decides to leave the city and visit his parents in a Florida retirement community and also to attend his mother’s birthday celebration. On arrival he meets both his parents in a jovial mood and receives a warm welcome. His attention however is split between his folks and his job as he is receiving numerous calls from his boss back in New York, something his father is not so happy about and this leads him to him quitting his job to decide on what he really wants with his life. His decision is taken well especially by his mother, Elaine Robbins who claims to have been inspired by it so much and decides to leave his father, Alan Robins to go to Portugal and pursue her dream of becoming a painter. David finds himself in between a rock and a hard place as he juggles between his father’s interests and his mother’s, who comes back to Florida after her Portugal endeavour proves a failure, after the two choose to remain separated. Coming back to his parents place also opens a new chapter in his life with relation to his childhood best friend, Brandon his love life and the fact that he is now retired at only the age of thirty five. This TV series generally shows the oddity of having a successful business then retiring at the age of thirty five and having to live with one’s parents, an elderly couple who are having issues in their marriage. It also shows what impact friends can have on someone and how too much bonding with ones parents at this age can affect the normal day to day routine. The target audience for ‘Retired at 35’ in my view, would be young people of the age late twenties to early forties both female and male with a slim positive bias to the male audience as the jokes in the series tend to be capitalized on David’s bad luck, who is a thirty five year old male. Also the inclusion of the words ‘texturing’, ‘tittering’ and ‘facial book’

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Assignment 1 - Essay Example In fulfillment of the National Training Framework’s purposes, Vocational Educational Training or VET now comes in various forms provided by employers, private training companies, community based organisations, secondary schools and higher education. These entities strive to serve students to prepare them for work in the real world. The â€Å"VET in Schools† program offers students to undertake one of three models of practical work-related activity. One is for full time students to participate in a training program offered by the school or a public or private training provider; another is for students to secure a trainee-ship or apprenticeship with a contract and paid employment while still a student in a school; or students may work part time out of school hours with a formal, structured training component. (ANTA, 1999) The move towards globalization includes the consideration of multicultural factors affecting learning and development. In Australia, many indigenous students (e.g. Aborigines) drop out of formal school to move towards vocationally-oriented school courses (Schwab, 2001) to enable them to secure jobs soon after compulsory education. This particular population may seek options that will optimize their learning potentials such as courses that appropriately fit their culture. It is important to understand that problems associated with indigenous education are unique. Indigenous culture is devalued and is prone to discrimination. Indigenous children, as a group, are assumed to be unequal to the general school population in terms of intelligence, and as a result, expectations are considerably lower (Reynolds, 2005). Gutman (1992) in the context of research involving students in two Brisbane school found that: â€Å"Teachers who have low expectations of what Aboriginal students can achieve academically are doing them a disservice† (p.